IMPLICIT AND UNCONSCIOUS RACIAL STEREOTYPING
Green A, Carney D, Pallin D, Ngo L, Raymond K, Iezzoni L, Banaji M. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of
thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Sep;22(9):1231-8.
Burgess D, van Ryn M, Crowley-Matoka M, Malat J. Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity
disparities in pain treatment: insights from dual process models of stereotyping. Pain Med. 2006 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):119-
34.
Green C, Todd K, Lebovits A, Francis M. Disparities in pain: ethical issues. Pain Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;7(6):530-3.
Implicit Association Test: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
Project Implicit Information Page: http://projectimplicit.net/
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN PAIN CARE
Burgess D, van Ryn M, Crowley-Matoka M, Malat J. Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity
disparities in pain treatment: insights from dual process models of stereotyping. Pain Med. 2006 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):119-
34.
Green C, Todd K, Lebovits A, Francis M. Disparities in pain: ethical issues. Pain Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;7(6):530-3.
Rabow M, Dibble S. Ethnic differences in pain among outpatients with terminal and end-stage chronic illness. Pain
Med. 2005 2005 May-Jun;6(3):235-41.Todd K. Pain assessment and ethnicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Apr;27(4):421-3.
Todd K. Influence of ethnicity on emergency department pain management. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2001 Sep;13(3):
274-8.
Todd K, Deaton C, D'Adamo A, Goe L. Ethnicity and analgesic practice. Ann Emerg Med. 2000 2000 Jan;35(1):11-6.
Todd K, Lee T, Hoffman J. The effect of ethnicity on physician estimates of pain severity in patients with isolated
extremity trauma. JAMA. 1994 1994 Mar 23-30;271(12):925-8.
Todd K, Samaroo N, Hoffman J. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993
1993 Mar 24-31;269(12):1537-9.
Green C, Anderson K, Baker T, Campbell L, Decker S, Fillingim R, Kalauokalani D, Kaloukalani D, Lasch K, Myers C, Tait
R, Todd K, Vallerand A. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003
2003 Sep;4(3):277-94.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR CARE
Green A, Carney D, Pallin D, Ngo L, Raymond K, Iezzoni L, Banaji M. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of
thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 2007 Sep;22(9):1231-8.
Bell PD, Hudson S. Equity in the diagnosis of chest pain: Race and gender. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2001
Jan-Feb;25(1):60-71.
Gregory PM, Rhoads GG, Wilson AC, O’Dowd KJ, Kostis JB. Impact of availability of hospital-based invasive cardiac
services on racial differences in the use of these services.
American Heart Journal. 1999 Sep;138(3 Pt 1):507-17.
Daumit GL, Hermann JA, Coresh J, Powe NR. Use of cardiovascular procedures among black persons and white
persons: a 7-year nationwide study in patients with renal disease.
Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 Feb 2;130(3):173-82.
Hannan EL, van Ryn M, Burke J et al. Access to coronary artery bypass surgery by race/ethnicity and gender among
patients who are appropriate for surgery.
Medical Care. 1999 Jan;37(1):68-77.
Scirica BM, Moliterno DJ, Every NR et al. Racial differences in the management of unstable angina: results from the
multicenter GUARANTEE registry.
American Heart Journal. 1999 Dec;138(6 Pt 1):1065-72.
Taylor AJ, Meyer GS, Morse RW, Pearson CE. Can characteristics of a health care system mitigate ethnic bias in access
to cardiovascular procedures? Experience from the Military Health Services System. Journal of the American College
of Cardiology. 1997 Oct;30(4):901-7.
Herholz H, Goff DC, Ramsey DJ, Chan FA, Ortiz C, Labarthe DR, Nichaman MZ. Women and Mexican Americans receive
fewer cardiovascular drugs following myocardial infarction than men and non-Hispanic whites: the Corpus Christi
Heart Project, 1988-1990. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1996 Mar;49(3):279-87.
OTHER RESOURCES ABOUT RACIAL AND ETHNIC, AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES
Betancourt J. Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care: what is the role of academic medicine? Acad
Med. 2006 2006 Sep;81(9):788-92.
Betancourt J, King R. Unequal treatment: the Institute of Medicine report and its public health implications. Public
Health Rep. 2003 2003 Jul-Aug;118(4):287-92.
Betancourt J, Maina A. The Institute of Medicine report "Unequal Treatment": implications for academic health
centers. Mt Sinai J Med. 2004 2004 Oct;71(5):314-21.
Betancourt J, Maina A, Soni S. The IOM report unequal treatment: lessons for clinical practice. Del Med J. 2005 2005
Sep;77(9):339-48.
Cone D, Richardson L, Todd K, Betancourt J, Lowe R. Health care disparities in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med.
2003 2003 Nov;10(11):1176-83.
Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care.
Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.
Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N. A Glossary for health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health. 2002;56:647-652.
Wolfson M, Kaplan G, Lynch J, Ross N, Backlund E. Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical
demonstration. British Medical Journal. 1999;319:953-955.
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Allostatic Load and
Allostasis. Available at http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/allostatic.html. Accessed August 9,
2003.
Braverman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003;57:254-258.
Pearce N, Smithy GD. Is Social Capital the Key to Inequalities in Health? American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93-1:
122-129.
Green A. The human face of health disparities. Public Health Reports. 2003;118:303-308.
Bezruchka S. Are the rich making us sick? Washington Free Press (online). 2000;46.
Wilkinson R. Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health, and Human Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 2001.
Wolfson M, Kaplan G, Lynch J et al. Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration. British
Medical Journal. 1999;319:953-955.
Marmot m, Wilkinson RG. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response
to Lynch et al. British Medical Journal. 2001; 322:1233-6.
Kaplan G, Pamuk E. Lynch J, Cohen R, Balfour J. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of
mortality and potential pathways. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:999-1003.
Wilkinson RG. Comment: income, inequality, and social cohesion.
American Journal of Public Health. 1997 Sep;87(9):1504-6.
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal
of Public Health. 1997 Sep;87(9):1491-8.
Bezruchka S. Is our socieity making you sick? Newsweek. 2001;Feb 26:14.
Green A, Carney D, Pallin D, Ngo L, Raymond K, Iezzoni L, Banaji M. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of
thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Sep;22(9):1231-8.
Burgess D, van Ryn M, Crowley-Matoka M, Malat J. Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity
disparities in pain treatment: insights from dual process models of stereotyping. Pain Med. 2006 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):119-
34.
Green C, Todd K, Lebovits A, Francis M. Disparities in pain: ethical issues. Pain Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;7(6):530-3.
Implicit Association Test: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
Project Implicit Information Page: http://projectimplicit.net/
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN PAIN CARE
Burgess D, van Ryn M, Crowley-Matoka M, Malat J. Understanding the provider contribution to race/ethnicity
disparities in pain treatment: insights from dual process models of stereotyping. Pain Med. 2006 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):119-
34.
Green C, Todd K, Lebovits A, Francis M. Disparities in pain: ethical issues. Pain Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;7(6):530-3.
Rabow M, Dibble S. Ethnic differences in pain among outpatients with terminal and end-stage chronic illness. Pain
Med. 2005 2005 May-Jun;6(3):235-41.Todd K. Pain assessment and ethnicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Apr;27(4):421-3.
Todd K. Influence of ethnicity on emergency department pain management. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2001 Sep;13(3):
274-8.
Todd K, Deaton C, D'Adamo A, Goe L. Ethnicity and analgesic practice. Ann Emerg Med. 2000 2000 Jan;35(1):11-6.
Todd K, Lee T, Hoffman J. The effect of ethnicity on physician estimates of pain severity in patients with isolated
extremity trauma. JAMA. 1994 1994 Mar 23-30;271(12):925-8.
Todd K, Samaroo N, Hoffman J. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993
1993 Mar 24-31;269(12):1537-9.
Green C, Anderson K, Baker T, Campbell L, Decker S, Fillingim R, Kalauokalani D, Kaloukalani D, Lasch K, Myers C, Tait
R, Todd K, Vallerand A. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003
2003 Sep;4(3):277-94.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN CARDIOVASCULAR CARE
Green A, Carney D, Pallin D, Ngo L, Raymond K, Iezzoni L, Banaji M. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of
thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 2007 Sep;22(9):1231-8.
Bell PD, Hudson S. Equity in the diagnosis of chest pain: Race and gender. American Journal of Health Behavior. 2001
Jan-Feb;25(1):60-71.
Gregory PM, Rhoads GG, Wilson AC, O’Dowd KJ, Kostis JB. Impact of availability of hospital-based invasive cardiac
services on racial differences in the use of these services.
American Heart Journal. 1999 Sep;138(3 Pt 1):507-17.
Daumit GL, Hermann JA, Coresh J, Powe NR. Use of cardiovascular procedures among black persons and white
persons: a 7-year nationwide study in patients with renal disease.
Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 Feb 2;130(3):173-82.
Hannan EL, van Ryn M, Burke J et al. Access to coronary artery bypass surgery by race/ethnicity and gender among
patients who are appropriate for surgery.
Medical Care. 1999 Jan;37(1):68-77.
Scirica BM, Moliterno DJ, Every NR et al. Racial differences in the management of unstable angina: results from the
multicenter GUARANTEE registry.
American Heart Journal. 1999 Dec;138(6 Pt 1):1065-72.
Taylor AJ, Meyer GS, Morse RW, Pearson CE. Can characteristics of a health care system mitigate ethnic bias in access
to cardiovascular procedures? Experience from the Military Health Services System. Journal of the American College
of Cardiology. 1997 Oct;30(4):901-7.
Herholz H, Goff DC, Ramsey DJ, Chan FA, Ortiz C, Labarthe DR, Nichaman MZ. Women and Mexican Americans receive
fewer cardiovascular drugs following myocardial infarction than men and non-Hispanic whites: the Corpus Christi
Heart Project, 1988-1990. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1996 Mar;49(3):279-87.
OTHER RESOURCES ABOUT RACIAL AND ETHNIC, AND SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES
Betancourt J. Eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care: what is the role of academic medicine? Acad
Med. 2006 2006 Sep;81(9):788-92.
Betancourt J, King R. Unequal treatment: the Institute of Medicine report and its public health implications. Public
Health Rep. 2003 2003 Jul-Aug;118(4):287-92.
Betancourt J, Maina A. The Institute of Medicine report "Unequal Treatment": implications for academic health
centers. Mt Sinai J Med. 2004 2004 Oct;71(5):314-21.
Betancourt J, Maina A, Soni S. The IOM report unequal treatment: lessons for clinical practice. Del Med J. 2005 2005
Sep;77(9):339-48.
Cone D, Richardson L, Todd K, Betancourt J, Lowe R. Health care disparities in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med.
2003 2003 Nov;10(11):1176-83.
Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care.
Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.
Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Almeida-Filho N. A Glossary for health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and
Community Health. 2002;56:647-652.
Wolfson M, Kaplan G, Lynch J, Ross N, Backlund E. Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical
demonstration. British Medical Journal. 1999;319:953-955.
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Allostatic Load and
Allostasis. Available at http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/allostatic.html. Accessed August 9,
2003.
Braverman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2003;57:254-258.
Pearce N, Smithy GD. Is Social Capital the Key to Inequalities in Health? American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93-1:
122-129.
Green A. The human face of health disparities. Public Health Reports. 2003;118:303-308.
Bezruchka S. Are the rich making us sick? Washington Free Press (online). 2000;46.
Wilkinson R. Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health, and Human Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 2001.
Wolfson M, Kaplan G, Lynch J et al. Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration. British
Medical Journal. 1999;319:953-955.
Marmot m, Wilkinson RG. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response
to Lynch et al. British Medical Journal. 2001; 322:1233-6.
Kaplan G, Pamuk E. Lynch J, Cohen R, Balfour J. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of
mortality and potential pathways. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:999-1003.
Wilkinson RG. Comment: income, inequality, and social cohesion.
American Journal of Public Health. 1997 Sep;87(9):1504-6.
Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal
of Public Health. 1997 Sep;87(9):1491-8.
Bezruchka S. Is our socieity making you sick? Newsweek. 2001;Feb 26:14.
© 2008 American Academy of Physician Assistants. All rights reserved.
RESOURCES
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| A Health Disparities Reduction Project of the American Academy of Physician Assistants and the Physician Assistant Foundation |
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